Final answer:
The Constitution limits the power of Congress by prohibiting the suspension of the writ of habeas corpus, passing bills of attainder, and enacting ex post facto laws, with the Bill of Rights providing additional protections for fundamental liberties.
Step-by-step explanation:
The Constitution places three significant limitations on the power of Congress to prevent the infringement upon personal liberties. First, Congress cannot suspend the writ of habeas corpus, which allows individuals to seek judicial review of their detention and ensure it is lawful. Secondly, Congress is prohibited from passing bills of attainder, which would declare a person guilty of a crime without a judicial trial. Lastly, the enactment of ex post facto laws is forbidden; these are laws that would retroactively criminalize behavior that was legal at the time it occurred.
The Bill of Rights further reinforces these limitations by protecting fundamental liberties such as freedom of speech, press, religion, and assembly, ensuring the government cannot easily encroach on personal freedoms.