Final answer:
Procardia XL utilizes an osmotic system, which is a sophisticated method for controlled drug release. This is one of many advanced drug delivery systems developed to improve efficacy and reduce side effects of therapeutic agents, including nanotechnological advancements like PEGylation for increasing drug stability and solubility.
Step-by-step explanation:
The student's question relates to the type of drug delivery system used in Procardia XL, a medication used in the management of certain heart conditions. Procardia XL uses an osmotic system for the delivery of the active drug. This system is designed to control the rate at which the drug is released into the body, ensuring a sustained effect over time.
Osmotic systems are one of many advanced drug delivery technologies, alongside others such as liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, and drug complexes. These delivery systems have been developed to improve the efficacy and safety of therapeutic agents. For example, in the field of cancer therapy, systems like nanoparticulate systems and liposomal formulations have been engineered for the targeted delivery of anticancer drugs, enhancing treatment outcomes and reducing side effects.
Developments in nanotechnology have led to sophisticated drug delivery methods, such as those utilizing PEGylation (attachment of polyethylene glycol chains) to drugs. This can increase the stability and solubility of drugs, as seen with formulations like PEG-poly (aspartic acid) PGA-paclitaxel and PEG-poly (glutamic acid) cisplatin, optimizing their pharmacokinetic profiles and improving their therapeutic potential.
Answer: D. osmotic system