Final answer:
Ghost surgery is the practice where a different surgeon operates on a patient rather than the one the patient was expecting, raising consent and ethical concerns.
Step-by-step explanation:
“Ghost surgery” refers to the ethically questionable practice where a patient expects to be operated on by a specific surgeon, but instead, unbeknownst to the patient, a different surgeon performs the operation. This controversial practice raises serious concerns regarding consent and patient rights. There is a varying degree of critical perceptions toward ghost surgery, much like the disparities in views on historical or cultural practices that are out of the ordinary, such as trephination thought to release evil spirits from the body, or the Indigenous people of Sagada's burial traditions. Ghost surgery doesn't conform to the standards and methods of ethical medical conduct, which are designed to ensure that patients are informed and provide consent for the specific individuals who will be performing their medical procedures.