Final answer:
A bureaucracy is a structured organization that is designed as a meritocracy, with promotion based on skills and accomplishments. It operates on a system of rational-legal authority and is essential for managing large groups. However, bureaucracies are often criticized for being slow and presenting unfair advantages to certain groups.
Step-by-step explanation:
The type of organization being described in the question is a bureaucracy. A bureaucracy is a formal organization that is characterized by a hierarchical structure, a clear division of labor, explicit rules, and impersonality. This type of organization is often associated with meritocracies, where hiring and promotion are based on proven and documented skills. Indeed, the essence of a bureaucracy lies in its reliance on rational-legal authority, where authority is legitimized by rules, regulations, and laws.
In essence, bureaucracies are designed to be meritocratic; they aim to identify and promote talent based on abilities and achievements, hence minimizing nepotism and favoritism. This system is seen throughout various sectors, from education to government offices, where progression is expected to be based on merit, such as the academic success required for college admission or the bar exam for lawyers.
However, bureaucracies are not without their criticisms. They can often become slow and unwieldy, and there are arguments that they do not always offer a fair chance to all, with those from wealthier backgrounds potentially having an advantage due to access to resources like tutoring or test-prep services. Nonetheless, the bureaucratic system is an essential part of managing large and complex organizations and societies.