Final answer:
First aid for dermal exposure includes washing with detergent and dilute bleach, while inhalation exposure requires fresh air and possibly medical assistance. Eye exposure should be treated with rinsing at an eyewash station. An epinephrine injection is needed for severe allergic reactions.
Step-by-step explanation:
In the event of dermal exposure, such as getting chemicals on the skin, the affected area should be washed immediately with detergent and warm water without scrubbing to avoid further irritation. Then, the skin should be rinsed with 1 N NaOH or a 1:10 dilution of bleach for 1 minute to neutralize the contaminant. In cases of inhalation exposure, individuals should be moved to fresh air immediately. If they are experiencing difficulty breathing, coughing, or other symptoms, seek medical attention as soon as possible. Those exposed to potentially life-threatening allergens may require an epinephrine injection to counteract anaphylaxis.
For eye exposure, it is important to rinse the eyes with clean water or saline for at least 15 minutes. This can be done at an eyewash station, which should be located readily in a lab setting. Seek medical assistance if irritation persists. In cases of poisoning by a nerve agent, where constriction of pupils and respiratory failure can occur, swift medical intervention is critical, and protective clothing and respirators are essential for those likely to face such hazards.
Preventative measures should be taken in workplaces that involve hazardous materials. Personal protection such as cut-resistant gloves and face protection should be used to prevent exposure. It is also crucial to know about the specific safety equipment in the environment, like the location of fire extinguishers and eyewash stations.