Final answer:
The nail plate is the visible external part of the nail, produced by the nail matrix at the proximal end. The nail matrix generates the nail body from stem cells that divide and form keratinocytes. Structures like the nail bed, cuticle, and nail fold play supportive and protective roles in nail anatomy.
Step-by-step explanation:
The nail plate is a central component of the nail anatomy and plays a significant role in the protection of the distal phalanges. It grows from the nail matrix, a deep layer of living epidermal tissues located at the proximal end of the nail. The matrix is responsible for producing new cells that enable the nail's continuous growth. As these stem cells divide, they create the nail root followed by the nail body, which is the visible, external part of the nail made up of densely packed keratinocytes.
Surrounding the nail plate are various structures such as the nail bed, cuticle, and nail fold, which all play roles in supporting and protecting the nail. The cuticle, also known as the eponychium, seals the edges of the nail plate and guards against infection. The nail fold helps to anchor the nail body in place. Beneath the nail, particularly the lunula, the area is rich in blood vessels, giving the nail its pinkish color.
Overall, the nail anatomy is intricate, with each part, including the nail matrix, nail plate, and nail bed, contributing to the nail's protective function and aiding in fine tactile sensations due to the many nerve endings located beneath the nail.