Final answer:
The division of jurisdiction between lower and major trial courts is defined by state law and constitutional provisions, with a dual court system existing at both national and state levels. Criminal cases involve a judge and a jury, while civil cases like traffic violations are typically judge-only in lower courts. Appeals can be made to higher courts such as special appellate courts or state supreme courts.
Step-by-step explanation:
The specific division of jurisdiction between the lower courts and the major trial courts is specified by state law, constitutional provisions, or both. In the United States, the judiciary operates as a dual court system, with both national and state levels, and each level typically comprising three tiers: trial courts, appellate courts, and courts of last resort or supreme courts. State courts hear a wide range of cases, including traffic fines, divorce settlements and serious crimes like murder whereas federal courts handle issues like trade disputes, military justice and violations of federal law. Criminal cases in general jurisdiction trial courts often feature both a judge and a jury with the jury determining guilt and the judge setting the penalty.
Traffic and small claims courts, which are types of lower trial courts usually involve a judge deciding the case without a jury. Cases may be appealed to higher courts, which include a special appellate court or the state's highest court generally known as the state supreme court. It's important to note that judicial rulings may differ from state to state as they are governed by state law.