Final answer:
Fallacies can be created and spread through appeals to emotion, circular reasoning, and false cause and effect. These fallacies can compromise the logical validity of arguments.
Step-by-step explanation:
Fallacies can be created and spread in various ways, including appeals to emotion, circular reasoning, and false cause and effect.
A fallacy of relevance, such as an appeal to emotion, occurs when the arguer presents evidence that is not logically relevant to their conclusion. This can happen when emotions are used to sway the audience without providing valid reasoning.
Circular reasoning is another fallacy where the arguer assumes the truth of their claim without providing any evidence. It creates a loop of reasoning that does not actually support the conclusion.
False cause and effect fallacies occur when the arguer assumes a cause-and-effect relationship without sufficient evidence. This can lead to the incorrect conclusion that one event caused another when there is no actual causal link.
All of these fallacies can be created and spread in arguments, affecting the validity of the reasoning presented.