Final answer:
Aliens in the U.S. have most of the priviliges enjoyed by citizens, except for voting and holding public office. The Fourteenth Amendment's due process and equal protection clauses extend to aliens, ensuring they are not denied equal protection. However, states can impose some restrictions under the privileges and immunities clause, like out-of-state tuition fees.
Step-by-step explanation:
In the United States, aliens are guaranteed constitutional rights under the due process and equal protection clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment. These provisions assure that residents, including aliens, are not denied equal protection of the laws. The infamous Yick Wo v. Hopkins case confirms that the equal protection clause is applicable to resident aliens. However, there are certain rights and privileges that may be restricted for aliens. For instance, they may not vote or hold public office. Furthermore, states can discriminate to a degree under the privileges and immunities clause of Article IV, such as charging higher tuition for out-of-state students at state universities and adjusting access to some state services based on residency.
Significant cases like Saenz v. Roe have highlighted the protection of the right to travel between states, while McDonald v. Chicago dealt with the extension of the individual right to bear arms to the states. Nevertheless, the privileges and immunities clause does have exceptions; a state may impose 'out of state tuition', offer differing costs for state services, and set residency requirements for eligibility for welfare or social services.