Final answer:
Rene Descartes is the philosopher who provided logical proofs for his own existence, and for God's existence, primarily in his 'Meditations on First Philosophy'. Descartes' rationalist approach and famous statement 'Cogito, ergo sum' are central to his philosophical contributions.
Step-by-step explanation:
The philosopher who wrote a famous essay in which he provided logical proofs for his own existence, and for God's existence, was Rene Descartes. Unlike Blaise Pascal's pragmatic "Wager" argument on belief in God, Descartes sought to establish certain knowledge through reason. Known for his statement Cogito, ergo sum (“I think, therefore I am”), Descartes provided a rational foundation for his existence and, through his Meditations, also advanced arguments for the existence of God. Descartes is often considered a foundational figure in Western philosophy and his works laid the groundwork for rationalists like Spinoza and Leibniz.
In particular, in his Meditations on First Philosophy, Descartes begins by doubting everything to find an indubitable foundation for knowledge. Finding that he can be certain of his existence due to the fact that he is a thinking being, he arrives at his famous conclusion: Cogito, ergo sum. Descartes then proceeds to argue for the existence of God, using ontological and cosmological arguments. He claimed that the clear and distinct perception of the existence of a perfect being (God) could only be caused by such a being.
The question was asking for the individual who provided logical proofs for his own and God's existence. The final answer is c. Rene Descartes.