Final answer:
The clinical science model emerged due to advances in microbiology, the development of medical technologies, new pharmaceuticals, social reforms, and the establishment of ethical guidelines for human experimentation. These factors contributed to an empirical and systematic approach to clinical practice, mirroring the rigor of the natural sciences.
Step-by-step explanation:
The development of the clinical science model can be traced back to various advancements and societal changes during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. One of the key factors was the progress in understanding diseases and how they spread, marked by the acceptance of the germ theory of disease, as proposed by scientists like Robert Koch and Louis Pasteur. Their discoveries in microbiology led to the creation of vaccines, which were pivotal in combating diseases like anthrax, rabies, cholera, and diphtheria.
Furthermore, the development of new medical instruments and processes like the ophthalmoscope and the x-ray drastically improved diagnostic capabilities. Pharmaceuticals and anesthetics, such as aspirin and quinine, also played significant roles in treatment and relief. All these factors contributed to a more systematic and empirical approach to clinical practice, aligning with the practices and rigors of the natural sciences, like physics and biology, that were already well-established and respected for their empirical grounding.
Additionally, social changes, including reforms in mental health systems and movements for social change, fostered an environment conducive to the advancement of clinical psychology as part of the broader development of the clinical science model. The horrid experimentation and abuses during World War II prompted the creation of ethical guidelines and oversight in human experimentation, such as the Nuremberg Code and institutional review boards (IRBs).
Ultimately, these historical factors together laid the foundation for the clinical science model we recognize today, an approach built on empirical evidence, ethical considerations, and a commitment to improving public health outcomes.