Final answer:
Factors that can affect the transfer from STM to LTM include memory trace decay and proactive interference, with stronger emotions forming stronger memories (arousal theory). The Atkinson-Shiffrin model also highlights the need for memory to pass through distinct stages for effective long-term storage.
Step-by-step explanation:
Factors Affecting Transfer from STM to LTM
There are several factors that can affect the transfer of information from short-term memory (STM) to long-term memory (LTM). One such factor is memory trace decay, where the memory trace becomes less activated over time, leading to forgetting. This was demonstrated in a study by Peterson and Peterson (1959) with the use of trigrams. Participants' ability to recall these trigrams decreased significantly from 80% after a 3-second delay to only 10% after 18 seconds. Another factor is proactive interference, where prior learning interferes with new learning, as found by Keppel and Underwood (1962).
In the Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory, information must pass through three stages to be stored in LTM. Additionally, the arousal theory explains that stronger emotional experiences can trigger the formation of stronger memories, enhancing the transfer to LTM. Memory-enhancing strategies, mnemonic devices, levels of processing, and emotional arousal all play roles in helping encode information more effectively from STM to LTM.