Final answer:
Changing the shape of an enzyme causing it to lose function is called denaturation, which can be caused by variations in temperature, pH, or chemical exposure.
Step-by-step explanation:
Changing the shape of an enzyme to a point where it loses its function is called denaturation. This process can occur as a result of changes in temperature, pH, or exposure to chemicals, which lead to alterations in the protein's three-dimensional structure. When denaturation happens, the enzyme's active site may no longer maintain its specific shape and charge compatibility with the substrate, which is crucial for its catalytic activity.
Enzyme function is highly dependent on maintaining a precise conformation. Disturbances, such as excessive heat, can cause the weak bonds maintaining the enzyme's shape to break, leading to loss of function. For instance, temperatures ranging from 25-40°C may cause denaturation in most enzymes, a temperature range that can also be lethal to many organisms.