Final answer:
The student's question involves the calculation of the impact of solar flares on objects in Earth's orbit, the resolution capabilities of the Hubble Space Telescope, as well as the comparative light-gathering abilities of different telescopes.
Step-by-step explanation:
The question pertains to the calculation of effects that solar flares and CMEs (Coronal Mass Ejections) can have on objects orbiting Earth such as satellites and the safety of astronauts.
One example provided involves a scenario where the tracking system lost sight of many objects in orbit due to the effects of a solar flare and CME on the Earth's atmosphere.
Another example is about the Hubble Space Telescope requiring reboosts to correct its orbit due to similar circumstances.
Furthermore, the question involves understanding the diffraction limits of telescopes like the Hubble Space Telescope and calculating their ability to resolve objects in space, such as stars in the Andromeda galaxy. Finally, the question also explores concepts such as luminous flux and the light gathering capabilities of different telescopes like the James Webb Space Telescope compared to the Hubble.