Final answer:
The materials that form igneous rocks upon cooling are granite and basalt. These materials crystallize from molten magma or lava, with granite typically forming underground (intrusive) and basalt forming on the Earth's surface (extrusive).
Step-by-step explanation:
The two materials that form igneous rocks upon cooling are granite and basalt. The main answer to the student's question is option c) "Granite and basalt". Upon cooling from a molten state, these materials crystalize to become solid rock. Igneous rocks are classified based on their composition and texture, which are a result of the original composition of the molten material and the cooling process. Texture depends on whether the magma cools slowly underground (forming plutonic or intrusive rocks like granite) or rapidly on the surface (forming volcanic or extrusive rocks like basalt).Intrusive igneous rocks, such as granite, form deep within the Earth's crust where cooling rates are slow, allowing for the growth of large, visible mineral grains. Basalt is typically an extrusive igneous rock, forming from lava that cools quickly on the surface of the Earth, resulting in fine-grained textures.In conclusion, igneous rocks like granite and basalt form from the solidification of molten material within the Earth or on its surface. These rocks differ from sedimentary rocks like sand and limestone, and metamorphic rocks like marble and slate, which form through different geological processes.