Final answer:
The organelles involved in protein synthesis are ribosomes, nucleus, rough endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus. Mitochondria produce energy, while vesicles and vacuoles are used for transport and storage. Endosymbiotic theory explains the origin of mitochondria and is supported by mitochondrial DNA evidence.
Step-by-step explanation:
The organelles and molecules involved in building proteins are the ribosomes, nucleus, rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and Golgi apparatus. The nucleus contains genetic information, which is transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA). This mRNA then travels to ribosomes, where it is translated into proteins. Ribosomes can either float freely in the cytoplasm or be attached to the rough ER, which is studded with ribosomes and is where many proteins are synthesized. After initial protein assembly in the rough ER, these proteins are transported to the Golgi apparatus, which further modifies, sorts, and packages the proteins for their specific functions within the cell or for export.
Mitochondria are known as the power plants of the cell because they produce energy through cellular respiration. Vesicles and vacuoles are involved in storage and transport within the cell. Additionally, the endosymbiotic theory relates to mitochondria suggesting that they were originally independent prokaryotic organisms that were engulfed by a host cell. Evidence for this includes the presence of their own DNA and double membranes.