Final answer:
Preemption typically overrides a lower authority's regulations and contradicts a market-oriented approach to regulation, which relies on economic incentives instead of direct mandates.
Step-by-step explanation:
Preemption contradicts the market-oriented approach to regulation. Command-and-control regulation consists of specific rules or standards that dictate the exact limits and processes entities must follow. In contrast, market-oriented regulation provides economic incentives or market signals to encourage entities to reduce pollution, such as through the trade of emissions permits or pollution taxes.
For example, a command-and-control approach might mandate that a factory reduces its emissions by a set percentage, while a market-oriented approach might provide financial incentives for the reduction of emissions, which could influence the factory to invest in cleaner technologies or practices voluntarily.
Preemption, normally a legal doctrine that allows a higher authority to displace or prevent the action of a lower authority, can prevent the development of a varied, market-oriented approach within different jurisdictions.