Final answer:
Halogens generally obtain a stable electron configuration by sharing electrons to complete their outermost shell, forming covalent bonds to reach the stable octet configuration similar to noble gases.
Step-by-step explanation:
The atom that generally obtains a stable configuration by sharing electrons is c) Halogens. Halogens, which are elements in Group 17 (or Group VIIA) of the periodic table, have seven electrons in their outermost shell and tend to achieve a stable noble gas configuration by sharing one electron with another atom, thus forming covalent bonds. Sharing electrons allows these atoms to reach an octet in their valence shell, which is the stable electron arrangement of the noble gases. In contrast, alkali metals (Group 1) tend to lose an electron to form positive cations, while noble gases typically do not form bonds because they already have full outer energy levels. Likewise, transition metals have variable oxidation states and can form various types of bonds, including metallic and complex bonds, but don't typically achieve stability solely through electron sharing.