Final answer:
Classical and operant conditioning are forms of Learning Techniques, which involve associative learning. Classical conditioning pairs stimuli to evoke a response, while operant conditioning modifies behaviour through reinforcement or punishment.
Step-by-step explanation:
Classical and operant conditioning are both forms of b) Learning Techniques. These approaches to learning are centered around the concept of associative learning, where an association is made between two stimuli or between a behaviour and a consequence.
Classical conditioning, initially demonstrated by Ivan Pavlov's experiments with dogs, involves learning to associate an originally neutral stimulus with a stimulus that invokes a reflex response. Over time, the previously neutral stimulus comes to evoke the reflex response in its own right. For example, if a bell tone (neutral stimulus) is repeatedly paired with the presentation of food (unconditioned stimulus), a dog will start to salivate (conditioned response) at the sound of the bell alone.
Operant conditioning, formulated by B.F. Skinner, involves changing behaviour patterns through reinforcement and punishment after the behaviour is performed. Positive or negative consequences manipulate the likelihood and form of behaviour. For example, a rat in a Skinner box learns to associate pressing a lever with receiving food, and thus is more likely to repeat the behaviour.