Final answer:
Option d) A person anticipating good weather and carrying an umbrella is not an example of a self-fulfilling prophecy because the action of carrying an umbrella does not influence the weather outcome.
Step-by-step explanation:
Among the options provided, the one that is not an example of a self-fulfilling prophecy is d) A person anticipating good weather and carrying an umbrella. A self-fulfilling prophecy involves an expectation that causes you to act in ways that make that expectation come true. Expecting to fail a test and not studying, being confident in skills as an athlete and succeeding, or a manager treating an employee poorly because of low expectations, are all examples where the initial belief influences the behavior and thus the outcome. However, carrying an umbrella due to a forecast for good weather does not influence the weather itself and is merely an act of preparation, not a self-fulfilling action.
Research such as that done by Rosenthal and Jacobson highlights how our expectations, particularly in educational and workplace settings, can influence the behaviors and outcomes of others, reinforcing or disproving our initial beliefs. These can also be influenced by broader societal concerns, such as stereotypes which can impact the opportunities and treatment individuals receive.