Final answer:
Alienation from the means of labor is not one of the four types of alienation identified by Marx; his four types are alienation from the product of labor, the process of labor, from others, and from human nature.
Step-by-step explanation:
The option that is not one of Marx’s four types of alienation is d) Alienation from the means of labor. According to Karl Marx, the four types of alienation are:
- Alienation from the product of labor
- Alienation from the process of labor
- Alienation from others
- Alienation from human nature or species-being
Marx's concept of alienation describes how workers become disconnected and isolated from their work, the products of their labor, their own human potential, and other people.
When Marx speaks of alienation from the process of one's labor, he refers to the way workers have no control over the conditions of their work since they do not own the means of production.
For example, a fast food worker must make food in a specific way as dictated by the employer, without room for creativity or change. This condition contributes to the worker feeling disconnected from their own work and self.