Final answer:
Mindfulness is the process of concentrating without distraction, unlike multitasking or divided attention, where the focus is split. Mindfulness involves a moment-by-moment awareness and a focused, relaxed awareness, beneficial for cognitive functions such as learning and concentration.
Step-by-step explanation:
The question posed is related to the concept of attention and cognitive processes, particularly in the context of concentration. The act of concentrating without distraction is not synonymous with multitasking or divided attention; both of which imply managing more than one task or thought at a time. Continuous interruptions are also counterproductive to concentrated focus. Instead, the ability to concentrate without distraction can be closely aligned with mindfulness.
Mindfulness, as described in various pieces of research, involves maintaining a moment-by-moment awareness of our thoughts, feelings, bodily sensations, and surrounding environment. This encourages a focus that is both relaxed and keenly attuned to the present, without the interference of external noises or the clamor of competing tasks. Current research into cognitive processes indicates that mindfulness practices can have a beneficial effect on learning and maintaining focus.
One important aspect of mindfulness in the context of attention is the mental state it fosters. Unlike multitasking, where attention is split, mindfulness is about bringing one's complete attention to the present task or experience, allowing a person to concentrate effectively without falling prey to distractions. Moreover, practices such as meditation, which often incorporate mindfulness principles, are designed to clear the mind and create a state of relaxed yet alert awareness. During mindful meditation, the individual's focus can be directed to an internal process or perhaps an external object, facilitating an environment conducive to deep concentration.
Therefore, based on the understanding of how mindfulness works and its effects on attention and cognition, the correct option in the context of concentration without distraction is mindfulness (c).