Final answer:
The Roman military communicated battle orders using signs and signals, a standardized command language (Latin), and strict training and discipline to maintain unit cohesion. Soldiers had to learn Latin and were rigorously trained to execute complex maneuvers, enabling effective communication and operation during battles.
Step-by-step explanation:
The Roman military used a variety of methods to communicate battle orders, both on the battlefield and across larger distances. The use of signs and signals were essential for controlling large armies, which could include both Roman legions and auxiliary forces. For example, fighting formations like the testudo (tortoise formation) were dictated through these visual and auditory signals.
Latin was the common language of the Roman army, and soldiers had to learn it to understand and respond to commands during service. This unification of language contributed to a shared Roman identity among the troops. To maintain discipline and readiness, Roman soldiers underwent rigorous training and followed strict protocols, which allowed them to execute complex maneuvers and orders efficiently.
For example, legionnaires equipped with large rectangular shields and short swords (gladii) would need to understand the commands for formation changes, while auxiliary troops, often fighting with their native weapons and tactics, needed to coordinate with these legions. The need for effective communication was paramount to the success of Roman military endeavors, maintaining unit cohesion and operational effectiveness on the battlefield.