Final answer:
Consent is required from candidates before sharing reference information, following principles of confidentiality and data protection in line with ethical and legal standards.
Step-by-step explanation:
When it comes to the process of reference checking, it is essential to recognize the importance of consent. Based on general ethical standards and privacy laws, consent is required from candidates before sharing their information, positive or otherwise, with any third parties, including clients. This requirement stems from the principles that govern confidentiality and data protection, which are at the core of various legal frameworks, including employment law and research ethics. Furthermore, similar to how researchers must obtain consent for using data from their subjects, employers and recruiters must also ensure that they have permission to share the personal details and feedback obtained through reference checks.