Final answer:
The level of enjoyment, satisfaction, and purpose can act as a leadership substitute in work. Workers are happier when they feel control, involvement, and freedom in their work. Different employees have different needs for leadership, with some requiring clear structure and guidelines.
Step-by-step explanation:
The level of enjoyment, satisfaction, and purpose that Jose derives from his work can act as a leadership substitute.
According to research by Melvin Kohn and his fellow researchers, workers are more likely to be happy when they believe they have some control over their work, feel part of decision-making processes, have freedom from surveillance, and feel integral to the outcome of their work.
Similarly, some employees have a higher need for leadership and work best in a well-structured environment with clear responsibilities. In such situations, a leader who can provide a clear path forward without much deviation fosters a positive leader-follower relationship.