Final answer:
People cope with late adulthood by applying lifelong coping mechanisms, a concept central to continuity theory. Disengagement theory describes a process where older adults naturally withdraw from social roles, which can lead to independence but also isolation. Erikson's psychosocial theory frames late adulthood as a period to attain integrity through reflection on life's achievements.
Step-by-step explanation:
Individuals tend to cope with late adulthood in ways consistent with their previous life coping mechanisms, and this concept is central to continuity theory. According to this theory, people make choices in late adulthood to maintain personal consistency in terms of internal attributes like personality and beliefs, as well as in social aspects such as relationships and activities. This creates a stable social environment and reflects a preference for familiar strategies in managing life's changes. However, continuity theory has been criticized for focusing on "normal" aging and potentially excluding those with chronic diseases.
The aforementioned scenario involving an older man withdrawing from social activities after retirement exemplifies the disengagement theory. Disengagement theory posits that it is natural and acceptable for older adults to pull away from societal roles and relationships as they age. While this can lead to more independence and self-reflection, it can also contribute to social isolation and a lack of engagement with life.
Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory of development argues that during late adulthood, the challenge is to achieve a sense of integrity rather than succumbing to despair. Successful navigation of this stage results in satisfaction and pride in one's life achievements, while failure can lead to regret and feelings of a life wasted. The theory suggests that maintaining activity and making creative choices can promote a powerful sense of integrity in late adulthood.