Final answer:
The four-step process to individualize a fingerprint includes DNA extraction from a body fluid, amplification using PCR and restriction enzymes, separation by electrophoresis, and analyzing the band pattern to create a unique DNA fingerprint.
Step-by-step explanation:
The process of individualizing a fingerprint involves four essential steps:
- Extraction of DNA from a sample of body fluid such as blood, semen, or saliva.
- Amplification of the DNA using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), where restriction enzymes are also used to cut the DNA.
- Electrophoresis, wherein the DNA fragments are separated on an agarose gel. This step includes the application of an electric current which causes the negatively charged DNA to move towards the positive side. Larger fragments move slower and stay nearer to the top of the gel, while smaller fragments move faster and end up closer to the bottom.
- Analysis of the DNA fragments that have been separated. Bands are stained, and the pattern of bands is used to create a DNA fingerprint which is unique to an individual.
This DNA fingerprinting technique is used in various applications such as paternity tests, criminal investigations, and forensic analysis. Since every individual has unique DNA patterns, this method is highly effective for identifying individuals.