Final answer:
The right to benefit of clergy was not determined through a literacy test. Literacy tests were used as a tool of disenfranchisement in the United States to restrict voting rights, particularly for African Americans.
Step-by-step explanation:
The right to benefit of clergy was not determined through a literacy test. The concept of benefit of clergy originated in medieval England and allowed members of the clergy to claim the privilege of being tried in ecclesiastical courts instead of secular courts. It was not based on literacy, but rather on the individual's status as a member of the clergy.
The literacy tests mentioned in the information provided were used as a tool of disenfranchisement in the United States, particularly in the South, as a way to restrict voting rights for African Americans. These tests were subjective and administered by white registrars who often failed black applicants while approving illiterate whites.