Final answer:
The correct answer is option 1) Parole and indeterminate sentences.
Step-by-step explanation:
The reformatory era made significant contributions to the criminal justice system, most notably the introduction of parole and indeterminate sentences. Parole allowed inmates to be released early under supervision based on their behavior and rehabilitation progress. Indeterminate sentences offered a range of time for incarceration rather than a fixed period, promoting personal improvement and the potential for early release upon demonstrating reform.
Meanwhile, reformers also advocated for alternatives to incarceration such as probation and community service, which enabled offenders to remain in the community while under supervision and contribute positively, fostering rehabilitation. This focus on rehabilitative measures rather than purely punitive approaches reflects the era's emphasis on transforming offenders into productive citizens. The establishment of penitentiaries aimed at moral redemption through hard work and religious instruction was another hallmark of the era.
Prison reform in the reformatory era did not include the introduction of capital punishment or life imprisonment; these forms of punishment predated the era and were being reevaluated for their effectiveness and application. Restorative justice and a formal focus on rehabilitation were not the primary outputs of this era but became more prominent in subsequent developments in criminal justice.