Final answer:
The correct option is A) dG = Vdp - SdT + Σμi dni, which describes the change in Gibbs energy related to pressure, temperature, and composition.
Step-by-step explanation:
The correct fundamental equation of chemical thermodynamics that relates the change in Gibbs energy to changes in pressure, temperature, and composition is A) dG = Vdp - SdT + Σμi dni. This equation indicates that the differential change in Gibbs energy (dG) is equal to the product of volume (V) and the change in pressure (dp) minus the product of entropy (S) and the change in temperature (dT) plus the sum over i of the chemical potentials (μi) times the change in the amount of substance (dni).
Gibbs energy is particularly useful for predicting the direction of a chemical reaction and the composition of the system at equilibrium under constant temperature and pressure conditions. This concept is vital because it allows us to calculate changes in the system without needing to measure entropy changes for the surroundings.