Final answer:
Protraction and retraction are movements that involve pushing something forward or pulling it backward, while elevation and depression involve lifting bone upward or lowering it back to its normal position. Rotation refers to the movement of a bone around its longitudinal axis.
Step-by-step explanation:
Protraction and retraction are movements of the scapula or mandible. Protraction is the forward movement, such as when pushing or throwing, while retraction is the backward movement, pulling the scapula or mandible toward the vertebral column. For the mandible, protraction pushes the lower jaw forward, sticking out the chin, while retraction pulls it backward.
Elevation and depression are upward and downward movements of the scapula or mandible. Elevation lifts the bone upward, like when the shoulders are shrugged, while depression lowers it back to its normal position. These movements are used in shrugging shoulders or opening and closing the mouth.
Rotation is the movement of a bone around its longitudinal axis, such as the movement of the head from side to side. It can be medial rotation toward the midline of the body or lateral rotation away from the midline.