Question

go through all the slides and search (use the search function) for both ampk and pka. list every protein (enzymes, but other proteins too, like transcription factors) that is regulated by ampk phosphorylation and another list for those regulated by pka phosphorylation.

Answer 1

While the text doesn't explicitly list proteins regulated by AMPK phosphorylation, proteins such as IK-B and transcription factors like NF-KB are regulated by PKA phosphorylation. PKA and PKC are serine-threonine kinases responsible for adding phosphate groups to serine or threonine residues in polypeptides, affecting processes like transcription and metabolism.

Step-by-step explanation:

The subject of regulation by protein phosphorylation involves the modification of different proteins, such as transcription factors and kinases, which play a crucial role in cellular signaling pathways. AMPK phosphorylation can regulate several proteins but is not explicitly listed in the provided text. However, PKA phosphorylation is known to regulate a broader range of proteins, including transcription factors like NF-KB, once IK-B is phosphorylated and dissociates, allowing NF-KB to initiate transcription in the nucleus. Additionally, PKA along with PKC are serine-threonine kinases that phosphorylate target proteins at serine or threonine residues.

Other proteins like the serine/threonine kinase activated in Al-treated tomato radicles or the MAP kinase ERK, which is involved in translation regulation in the nucleus, demonstrate the complexity and ubiquity of phosphorylation-driven regulation in various biological processes, from gene expression to metabolic adaptation under stress. Hence, protein phosphorylation by kinases like AMPK and PKA is key to many cellular functions and adaptive responses.