Final answer:
Serious side effects of nitrofurantoin, like severe allergic reactions, lung problems, liver damage, or peripheral neuropathy, require immediate discontinuation of the medication and medical attention. Nitrofurantoin is essential for treating bacterial cystitis, yet poses higher risks in elderly patients.
Step-by-step explanation:
When a patient taking nitrofurantoin reports side effects, the primary concern for the healthcare provider is identifying any that may be serious enough to require discontinuation of the medication. While common side effects such as fever, nausea, vomiting, cramps, loss of appetite, fatigue, and bloating can be concerning, the most alarming would be symptoms indicative of a severe allergic reaction, lung problems, liver damage, or peripheral neuropathy. If a patient experiences difficulty breathing, severe chest pain, a significant allergic reaction such as hives or swelling of the face and throat, yellowing of the skin or eyes (jaundice), or unusual numbness or tingling in the extremities, the medication must be stopped immediately and medical attention sought.
Nitrofurantoin is often used to treat bacterial cystitis and is considered essential by the World Health Organization. However, elderly patients require careful monitoring due to a higher risk of complications such as sepsis and kidney infections while on this medication. If side effects are mild, other remedies may be considered; however, serious adverse effects necessitate prompt cessation of the drug and potentially an alternative treatment, such as a combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole, may be administered.