Final answer:
Social isolation or loneliness describes the emotional and cognitive reaction to having fewer and less satisfying relationships than desired, which can lead to various psychological effects and is influenced by one's stage of psychosocial development and ability to manage resources in social exchange.
Step-by-step explanation:
A person's emotional and cognitive reaction to having fewer and less satisfying relationships than desired is known as social isolation or loneliness. Social isolation can lead to various psychological and emotional effects, such as depression, anxiety, and a decrease in self-worth.
It is often discussed in the context of Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, where individuals in early adulthood face the challenge of developing intimate relationships with a strong sense of self. Failing to do so may result in feelings of loneliness and emotional isolation. Additionally, the exchange theory suggests that as individuals age, their ability to exchange resources diminishes, potentially reducing their social circles unless they engage in resource management. This theory may overemphasize material exchange while underestimating the value of nonmaterial assets like love and friendship.