Final answer:
C.Both hierarchical and network data models were the first to introduce the use of a data manipulation language (DML), a tool essential for managing database operations such as insertion, deletion, and retrieval of data.
Step-by-step explanation:
The correct answer is option c. Both the hierarchical and network data models introduced the use of a data manipulation language (DML). DML is a language that enables users to access, manipulate, and manage data in a database.
It is part of the DBMS (Database Management System) that allows users to perform operations such as insertion, deletion, updating, and retrieval of data.
The hierarchical data model organizes data in a tree-like structure where there is a hierarchy of parent and child data segments. In contrast, the network data model allows more complex relationships with its web-like structure consisting of many-to-many relationships between entities.
Despite their structural differences, both models necessitated the development of data manipulation languages to handle the operations on the data efficiently. Examples of DMLs include SQL for relational databases, as well as proprietary languages designed for hierarchical and network database systems.