Final answer:
The exchanges involve flouting Grice's maxims: a) Maxim of Quantity by implying an obvious 'yes', b) Maxim of Quality by using sarcasm to question John's niceness, c) Maxim of Manner by being vague to hide identity, and d) Maxim of Manner by preemptively clarifying the spelling of a name.
Step-by-step explanation:
The task involves determining Grice's maxims that are flouted and the implicatures raised in given exchanges. a. Bob asks if Ray wants some dessert and Ray responds, "Do birds have wings?" This flouts the Maxim of Quantity, as the response gives more information than was required. The implicature here is that the answer is obviously 'yes,' just as it's obvious that birds have wings.
b. Diane asks Susan about her opinion of John, and Susan responds with a sarcastic remark. This flouts the Maxim of Quality, as she implies John is not sensitive, which contradicts the claim that he's a nice guy. The implicature is that John is not sensitive, and therefore, not as nice as suggested. c. John inquires about the identity of a man seen with Mary, and she replies, "That was just someone." The Maxim of Manner is flouted because her response is overly vague.
The implicature is that Mary doesn't want to give away the man's identity or is dismissing the importance of the question. d. A sales clerk asks for a customer's name, and the customer responds by spelling it out. This could be seen as a flout of the Maxim of Manner, as the direct name would usually suffice. The implicature here may be that the customer has and expects difficulty with the spelling of her name, and is preemptively clarifying.