Final answer:
The argument given is invalid, as it wrongly assumes that all entities with feathers must be birds. The reasoning example about wings enabling flight is an instance of inductive reasoning, where specifics lead to generalizations. Valid deductive inferences convey that if premises are true, the conclusion must be true as well.
Step-by-step explanation:
Determining Types of Reasoning
The initial argument given that 'All birds have feathers' and 'All parrots have feathers' thus concluding 'All parrots are birds' presents a logical structure that requires analysis to determine its validity. Using Euler diagrams for this task involves visualizing the relationship between the sets of birds, things with feathers, and parrots.
By structuring the information appropriately, it becomes evident that the argument illustrates that while all parrots fall under the category of things that have feathers, one cannot conclude that all things with feathers are birds because there could be non-bird entities with feathers. Hence, the provided argument is invalid.
Regarding the example of reasoning in scientific knowledge advancement, determining whether the statement 'All flying birds and insects have wings. Birds and insects flap their wings as they move through the air. Therefore, wings enable flight.' is an example of inductive or deductive reasoning depends on the logical flow.
This specific instance begins with observed facts and generalizes a conclusion, which classifies it as inductive reasoning. The conclusion that wings enable flight is derived from the observation of flying creatures with wings, rather than being deduced purely from general premises.
It's essential to understand that valid deductive inferences have a form in which the truth of the premises guarantees the truth of the conclusion, independent of the actual truth of the premises or conclusion.
This is different from inductive reasoning, where the truth of the conclusions is probable based on the observation of specific instances, such as in the example where all observed lions hunt gazelles, leading to the generalization that all lions hunt gazelles.