Final answer:
The element not included in a research proposal is tables of results (option B), as proposals outline planned research and do not contain outcomes, which are documented in the results section after the study is conducted.
Step-by-step explanation:
The question pertains to the components typically not included in a proposal. Among the options provided, the one that is not included in a proposal is B) tables of results. In the general structure of a research proposal, the significance of the study, a literature review, and the methods are essential components. The significance of the study presents the importance and potential impact of the research, the literature review situates the proposal within the context of existing research, and the methods outline the approach that will be used to conduct the research.
However, tables of results are not included in a proposal because results are outcomes of the conducted research, and a proposal is a plan for future research. The results section appears in the actual research report or paper, after the study has been carried out and data have been collected and analyzed.