Final answer:
Flat files have more redundancy compared to databases, often storing the same pieces of data multiple times. loption d.
Step-by-step explanation:
As compared to databases, flat files have b. redundancy. This means that the same piece of data is often stored multiple times throughout the file, leading to inefficient use of storage space. Databases, conversely, are designed to minimize redundancy through normalization, which organizes the data into tables and defines relationships between them to ensure each data item is stored only once. Flat files lack the mechanisms to enforce data integrity, which databases provide through constraints and transactions. Flexibility is another area where databases excel thanks to their ability to handle complex querying and data relationships. As for security, databases typically offer more robust features such as user authentication and access controls, which are not inherent in flat file systems.
As compared to databases, flat files have redundancy and flexibility.
Redundancy refers to the presence of duplicate data in a file, which can waste storage space and make updates more difficult.
Flexibility refers to the ability to easily add, modify, or delete data in a file, as flat files do not have the structure and organization of databases.