Final answer:
Options (a), (b), and (c) are all factors that affect human resource management, such as hiring processes, wage disparities, and promotion opportunities. These factors influence business operations and strategies within different national contexts.
Step-by-step explanation:
The factors affecting national differences in human resource management include the types of jobs favored by applicants, the education and training of the labor pool, and laws and cultural expectations regarding fair wages and promotion criteria. Options (a), (b), and (c) are indeed factors that affect how human resource management operates in different countries.
These factors can influence hiring processes, wage disparities, and promotion opportunities, as well as how organizations address and combat hiring discrimination. For instance, laws and cultural expectations regarding fair wages and promotion criteria can vary significantly by country and shape the frameworks within which businesses operate. Additionally, the education and training of the labor pool can affect the availability of skilled workers and thus impact hiring decisions and job availability. Finally, applicants' preferences for different types of jobs can influence the demand for certain roles and the strategies HR departments use to attract suitable candidates.