Final answer:
In each of the given species, the central atom uses hybrid orbitals based on the electron pair geometry and molecular structure. (a) BF3 uses sp2 hybrid orbitals. (b) AsF3 uses sp3 hybrid orbitals. (c) BrF3 uses sp3d hybrid orbitals. (d) SeF3⁺ uses sp hybrid orbitals.
Step-by-step explanation:
In each of the given species, the atom in boldface red type is the central atom. To determine the hybrid orbitals used by the central atom, we need to consider the electron pair geometry and the molecular structure of the species.
(a) BF3: The central atom is B. The electron pair geometry is trigonal planar, and the molecular structure is also trigonal planar. Therefore, the central atom in BF3 uses sp2 hybrid orbitals.
(b) AsF3: The central atom is As. The electron pair geometry is trigonal pyramidal, and the molecular structure is also trigonal pyramidal. Therefore, the central atom in AsF3 uses sp3 hybrid orbitals.
(c) BrF3: The central atom is Br. The electron pair geometry is trigonal bipyramidal, and the molecular structure is T-shaped. Therefore, the central atom in BrF3 uses sp3d hybrid orbitals.
(d) SeF3⁺: The central atom is Se. The electron pair geometry is trigonal bipyramidal, and the molecular structure is linear. Therefore, the central atom in SeF3⁺ uses sp hybrid orbitals.