Final answer:
Active transport can be inhibited by a malfunction such as a mutation in genes coding for channel proteins, which disrupts ion movement by preventing them from moving against their concentration gradients. Therefore, the correct option is c.
Step-by-step explanation:
A malfunction in a cell can prohibit active transport in various ways, but the correct scenario from the given options that would result in this inhibition is C) Mutation in genes coding for channel proteins disrupting ion movement. It is through these channel proteins that ions and other substances can move against their concentration gradients, a process which requires energy, usually in the form of ATP. If these proteins are not functioning correctly due to genetic mutations, the active transport of ions would be impeded, thus inhibiting the cell's ability to maintain necessary concentration gradients for normal function.
Carrier proteins are integral to active transport, and their availability and proper function are critical for moving substances against concentration or electrochemical gradients. Since active transport actively moves molecules from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration using ATP, any interference with the energy supply or the transport proteins themselves can disrupt this process.