Final answer:
The SAT and ACT are the two primary standardized tests used to assess college readiness. Recent concerns about fairness and predictive validity have led some colleges to adopt a test-optional policy, and more than 1000 institutions no longer require these tests for admission.
Step-by-step explanation:
The two major tests of readiness for college are the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) and the American College Testing (ACT). These standardized tests are designed to assess a student's readiness for college and are used by colleges as part of the admissions process. Many families invest in test prep to help students adapt to the format and rigor of these exams.
While high SAT and ACT scores have been traditionally important for college admissions, some institutions are moving towards a test-optional approach due to concerns about the fairness and predictive validity of these tests. Issues such as potential bias against marginalized populations and overestimated predictive validity for first-year GPA have prompted some colleges to reconsider the weight of SAT and ACT scores. Moreover, instances of cheating scandals have also increased scrutiny and led to over 1000 institutions relaxing or eliminating standardized test requirements.