Final answer:
Caffeine dependence is not included in the DSM-5 primarily due to the absence of significant withdrawal syndrome. Though tolerance and desire for caffeine can occur, its withdrawal symptoms are mild and do not meet DSM-5's criteria for a substance use disorder. The correct option is D) Absence of withdrawal syndrome.
Step-by-step explanation:
The primary reason for excluding caffeine dependence from the DSM-5 is the absence of withdrawal syndrome. In psychiatry and mental health, substances are often categorized within the DSM-5 based on evidence of both physical and psychological dependencies, which include criteria such as withdrawal symptoms and drug tolerance.
While some might develop a tolerance to caffeine and feel a strong desire to consume it, the evidence for a clinically significant withdrawal syndrome is limited. This is a significant consideration since drug withdrawal typically includes a set of negative symptoms opposite to the effects of the drug, which are not consistently seen with caffeine.
Caffeine is indeed a central nervous system stimulant and can lead to increased tolerance and psychological cravings. However, the DSM-5 requires a stricter set of criteria for a substance to be included as a dependence diagnosis.
Since the reported withdrawal symptoms from caffeine such as headache, fatigue, and drowsiness are generally mild and do not often impair an individual's ability to function substantially, it does not meet the criteria set for a substance use disorder as per the DSM-5 guidelines.
Hence, the lack of significant withdrawal symptoms reinforces the decision to not include caffeine dependence.
The correct option is D) Absence of withdrawal syndrome.