Question

List at least four instances of physical evolution since the divergence of homo sapiens and chimpanzee that have enabled speech production. Then discuss the nature and limitations of chimpanzee language and speculate on their capacity to learn how to communicate with humans

Answer 1

Four Evolutionary Features Enabling Speech in Homo Sapiens:

1. Larynx Descent: The human larynx sits lower in the throat compared to chimpanzees, creating a larger pharyngeal cavity.

2. Neocortex Expansion: The human neocortex, particularly Broca's and Wernicke's areas, are significantly larger and more complex than in chimpanzees.

3. Facial Muscle Control: Humans possess finer control over facial muscles, enabling precise articulation of sounds and facial expressions that enhance communication. This precision is lacking in chimpanzees.

4. Vocal Tract Morphology: The human vocal tract, with its tongue shape, palate contour, and lips, is more adept at articulating a wider range of sounds compared to chimpanzees.

Chimpanzee Language and Potential for Human Communication:

Chimpanzees, though lacking the same level of complexity as human language, do possess communication abilities:

Vocalizations: They produce a variety of vocalizations like hoots, screams, and barks, conveying emotions and intentions.

Gestures: Chimpanzees use gestures like pointing, reaching, and facial expressions to communicate.

Symbol Recognition: Some chimps have learned to recognize and use symbols to represent objects or actions.