Final answer:
The correct answer is A) Member of the new covenant, which represents the theological view in early Christianity that being accepted by God is by faith in Christ, rather than adherence to the Torah laws.
Step-by-step explanation:
The crux of this question lies in the theological shift within the early Christian belief system, primarily influenced by St. Paul's teachings. To become a member of the new covenant, being accepted by God, is articulated as being based solely on faith in Jesus Christ (referred to as being 'in Christ'), rather than adherence to the ancient Jewish religious laws contained in the Torah. This notion signifies a departure from the idea that salvation could be attained through the observance of religious regulations that were a part of the Jewish tradition. Christian doctrine, as established by early proponents such as Paul, emphasizes that this spiritual salvation is universally available and is not limited to any particular ethnic or religious group, echoing the universality of Jesus's message.
Therefore, the correct answer to the student's question about what it means to be accepted by God in the context of early Christianity, not based on keeping religious rules and regulations, is A) Member of the new covenant.