Final answer:
The correct answer is a. Deontology is the moral philosophy that concentrates on individual rights and intentions behind actions, distinct from the consequences, and is associated with duties or rules such as Kant's categorical imperatives.
Step-by-step explanation:
The moral philosophy that focuses on the rights of individuals and on the intentions behind a particular behavior, rather than its consequences, is deontology. Deontology is concerned with duties or rules to determine the rightness of an action. Deontologists argue that an action is right when it conforms to a correct duty or rule, such as a categorical imperative, which is a moral law that individuals have a duty to follow and is rationally derived.
Immanuel Kant, who is known for developing a deontological approach, argued that these rules are categorical imperatives which any rational being can and should accept because they represent norms of rational conduct. Unlike consequentialist theories like utilitarianism, which emphasize the outcomes or consequences of actions to determine moral rightness, deontology insists on adherence to moral rules irrespective of the results. This contrasts also with approaches that are more subjective and focus on individual situations, such as the care ethics or the relativist perspective.