Final answer:
Modern theories of justice prioritize individual rights and freedoms as their foundation, while ancient theories emphasize societal harmony and the virtues necessary to achieve it. Jefferson's use of Locke's ideas in the Declaration of Independence illustrates this modern focus on individual freedoms.
Step-by-step explanation:
The claim that modern theories of justice begin with freedom while ancient theories begin with virtue is largely true. Modern theories, such as those proposed by John Rawls, emphasize principles like the liberty and equal basic rights of individuals, suggesting a foundation in freedom. Conversely, ancient theories, exemplified by Plato's philosophy, focus on virtue and the role of individuals in maintaining societal harmony.
In the specific context of the Declaration of Independence, it is true that Thomas Jefferson drew heavily from the ideas of John Locke, whose theories indeed represent a more modern take on justice and government legitimacy, stressing the importance of natural rights and the consent of the governed.