Final answer:
It is false that Pojman argues for the equal validity of all moral perspectives based on cultural differences. Instead, he highlights the possibility of universal ethical principles existing across different cultures, despite their varied customs and practices. The correct option is b. false
Step-by-step explanation:
The statement that Pojman argues that cultural differences demonstrate that all ways of life are equally valid from a moral perspective is false.
Pojman's views on ethics suggest that while cultural differences do exist, these differences do not inherently establish that all moral viewpoints are equivalently valid.
The Theory of Norman Ethical Relativism, which might claim that each culture's predominant moral view is correct simply because it is predominant, runs counter to many examples of moral progress that have come from challenges to the majority's views. Pojman and others point towards the existence of some fundamental principles, such as the wrongness of an unjustified killing, which may be recognized across different cultures despite variations in specific practices.
Cultural relativism accurately describes the reality that different cultures have varying customs, practices, and moral principles, but this does not provide a validation for any possible moral viewpoint.
Moreover, critics like Nussbaum have argued for a rational, universal approach to ethics that accommodates cultural differences while addressing issues like gender inequality and harmful practices such as genital mutilation.
Therefore, while acknowledging the plurality of cultures' morals, there are arguments for shared ethical principles and critiques of certain practices based on universal notions of justice and rights. The correct option is b. false