Final answer:
Utilitarianism is the most influential theory advocating for the maximization of welfare, positing that society should aim for the greatest happiness for the greatest number and criticizes both the old left and the new right.
Step-by-step explanation:
The most influential account of how and why we should maximize welfare is called Utilitarianism. This philosophical theory advocates for maximizing human happiness and welfare, commonly summarized as “the greatest happiness for the greatest number.” Utilitarianism was developed to encourage lawmakers to consider the common good and posits that happiness or utility is of primary moral significance. The theory holds that social policies should aim to maximize utility, which encompasses both increasing happiness and reducing unhappiness. Social actions are valued based on the net happiness they can provide to society.
Robert Goodin defends the welfare state, critiquing both the old left and the new right, contending that the welfare state is justified as a means to support societal welfare rather than as a step towards an ideally just society. Additionally, welfare-based principles suggest that all distributive questions should be answered by how they impact human welfare. Utilitarianism emerges as the most comprehensive approach to welfare-based principles, influencing policies and government decisions aimed at maximizing human happiness.